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p23

われわれ脳と世界関係 もこように理解されるべきもである.つまり,われわれ脳がある種法則性を認識できるように作られているは,世界にわれわれを離れて法則性が「実在する」からだ.」

 これにはS. J. グールドら反論がある: のThe Structure of Evolution Theory (今後SET と略) ではそう露骨に書いてないようではあるが,“Evolution: The pleasure of pluralism,” (New York Review, June 26, 1997) ではいわゆる進化心理学を,すべてを適応で説明するはまさにjust-so-storyにすぎず非科学と決めつけた後で, If any organ is, prima facie, replete with spandrels, the human brain must be our finest candidate—thus making adaptationism a particular dubious approach to human behavior.” さらに“In pure numbers, the spandrels overwhelm the adaptations.と結論している.[ここでSpandrelとは Wikipedia によれば: Spandrel is a term used in evolutionary biology to describe a phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of the evolution of some other character, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection.]

 しかし,自然言語文法構造などを考えると,強力な淘汰圧もとで脳進化重要な部分が進んだことはきわめてありそうなことである.たとえば,一般解説記事ではあるが, M. Piattelli-Palmarini “Human natural grammars are trimmed to the barest essentials, with boundaries along the lines of strictly conceptual necessity, rather than along the whimsical contours of evolution.” (Nature, 416, 129 (2002)) と書いている.

 ただし,言語発生は極めて短時間に(たとえば数千年以内に) 生じたことである可能性が高いから生物学的進化はほとんど関係ない,という仕事*もあり非常にもっともであるが,自然言語は自然知能に根を持つもであり,自然知能にすでに「文法的構造」ようなもがあってもいいである.それが生物学的進化産物であることは大いにありうる.

Natural selection can seldom influence language module

Chater et al., Restrictions on biological adaptation in language evolution

PNAS 106 1015 (2009)

We explored the circumstances under which genes encoding language-specific properties could have coevolved with language itself. 

Our results show that genes for language could have coevolved only with highly stable aspects of the linguistic environment; a rapidly changing linguistic environment does not provide a stable target for natural selection. 

We argue that this rules out the possibility that arbitrary properties of language, including abstract syntactic principles governing phrase structure, case marking, and agreement, have been built into a `language module' by natural selection. 

As suggested by Darwin, the fit between language and The its underlying mechanisms arose because language has evolved to fit the human brain, rather than the reverse.